By Bernard Schutz
ISBN-10: 3540259015
ISBN-13: 9783540259015
Normal relativity has develop into one of many significant pillars of theoretical physics, with vital functions in either astrophysics and high-energy particle physics, and no sleek theoretical physicist's schooling might be considered as entire with no a few research of the topic. This textbook, according to the author's personal undergraduate educating, develops basic relativity and its linked arithmetic from not less than necessities, resulting in a actual figuring out of the idea in a few intensity. It reinforces this realizing via creating a specified research of the theory's most vital functions - neutron stars, black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology - utilizing the main up to date astronomical advancements. The ebook is appropriate for a one-year direction for starting graduate scholars or for undergraduates in physics who've studied targeted relativity, vector calculus, and electrostatics. Graduate scholars can be in a position to use the ebook selectively for half-year classes.
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Extra info for A First Course in General Relativity
Sample text
Throughout this book we will employ the convention that Greek indices take values 0 to 3 and use the Latin letters i, j, k, l, m, and n to indicate indices that take values 1 to 3. Thus, for example, we write (e α ) for (e 0 , e 1 , e 2 , e 3 ) and (e i ) for (e 1 , e 2 , e 3 ). The components w α of a vector w with respect to (e α ) are given by w = w 0e 0 + w 1e 2 + w 2e 2 + w 3e 3 ≡ w α e α . Here and throughout the rest of the book we employ the Einstein summation convention whereby we automatically sum over repeated indices, one upstairs and the other downstairs.
Since E(v ) is strictly positive, p must be future-pointing. Unlike E(v ), which depends on v , the four-momentum vector depends only on the physical system itself and is therefore an intrinsic, observer-independent property of it. By linearity and conservation of energy we see that if p 1 and p 2 are the four-momenta of two isolated systems that are brought together to form a combined isolated system, then the four-momentum of the combined system is p = p 1 + p 2 . If p is timelike, then there will exist a four-velocity vector w and a positive number m such that p = mw.
3. The box spanned by a , b, and c captures the same four-momentum as that spanned by a = α p + a , b = β p + b, and c = γ p + c . p v' v a' a 46 ENERGY write p = Xv + Aa + Bb + Cc = X v + A a + B b + C c , where, by orthogonality, X = p · v and X = p · v . Using the antisymmetry of ε, we thus have ε( p, a , b, c ) = ε( p, a , b , c ) = p · v V = p · v V , which, since p = p , can be written p · v V = p · v V or ρ (v ) · v VV = ρ (v ) · v VV . ✷ Our next theorem shows that ρ (v ) · v defines a quadratic from T, namely the energy–momentum tensor.