Download The Institutional Framework of the European Communities by J. S. Davidson PDF

By J. S. Davidson

ISBN-10: 020399342X

ISBN-13: 9780203993422

ISBN-10: 0415058716

ISBN-13: 9780415058711

After greater than a decade of British club of the eu group, there's nonetheless a common loss of appreciation of what is going on in the group associations, and of its value for united kingdom political and criminal techniques. This booklet goals to supply a concise creation to the associations and law-making methods of the group, and to set them im their right standpoint as a part of united kingdom public legislation. The top concentration is upon the neighborhood associations and their inter-relations, in spite of the fact that, reference can also be made as applicable to the results which neighborhood decision-making has on Westminster and Whitehall and within the English courts. particularly, the e-book examines the resources of neighborhood legislations, the supplier and composition of the most associations after the accession of Portugal and Spain, and the decision-making tactics enthusiastic about the enactment of the Community's laws. There also are chapters at the budgetary technique and at the position of the ecu courtroom of Justice. regardless of the united kingdom emphasis a few comparative fabric is used to place the united kingdom process into standpoint. to reinforce its price to readers cominig to the topic for the 1st time, the e-book additionally includes the textual content of chosen articles of the Treaty of Rome.

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18. Corbett, The 1985 Inter-Governmental Conference (European Community Research Unit, University of Hull, 1986). 19. Single European Act, Article 8A. 20. Single European Act, Title II, Chapter II, Section II, Subsections II, III, IV, V and VI. 10 INTRODUCTION 21. Single European Act, Title III. 793. 22. Vedel, The Enlargement of the Powers of the European Parliament (1972), Bulletin EC Supplement 4/72. On the cooperation procedure see below, pp. 98–106. 23. 4 and passim. 24. Single European Act, Article 2.

After qualifying as a lawyer under Belgian law he applied for admission to practise as an advocaat in Belgium. He was refused because he was not a Belgian national. When he appealed to the Belgian Conseil d’Etat a reference was made to the ECJ which held that, despite the fact that the political organs of the EEC had not embarked upon their legislative programme, the primary obligation of non-discrimination in Article 52(1) became complete at the end of the transitional period. For, said the ECJ: By laying down that the freedom of establishment shall be attained at the end of the transitional period, Article 52 imposes an obligation to achieve a precise result, the fulfilment of which had to be made easier by, but not dependent upon, the implementation of progressive measures… After the expiry of the transitional period the directives provided for by the chapter on the right of establishment have become superfluous with regard to implementing the rule of nationality since this is henceforth sanctioned by the treaty itself with direct effect82 36 SOURCES OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW Here we see the Court giving direct effect to certain aspects of a provision which appears to require action both by Member States and the Community.

The obligation must be unconditional. 3. The obligation must not be dependent upon further action by either the Community or national authorities. 1. ‘Clear and precise’ or ‘clear and unambiguous’. This means that the obligation must be formulated in such a way that it is capable of being applied with precision. Article 12 completely prohibits all new custom duties between Member States. The clarity of this prohibition—which brooks of no qualification or exception —means that it may easily be utilised by individuals even though the obligation itself is imposed upon Member States.

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