By Philipp K. Janert
ISBN-10: 1449301851
ISBN-13: 9781449301859
Amassing facts is comparatively effortless, yet turning uncooked info into whatever precious calls for that you simply understand how to extract accurately what you would like. With this insightful e-book, intermediate to skilled programmers attracted to facts research will examine concepts for operating with information in a enterprise surroundings. You'll how to examine facts to find what it includes, how you can trap these rules in conceptual versions, after which feed your knowing again into the association via enterprise plans, metrics dashboards, and different applications.
Along the way in which, you'll scan with recommendations via hands-on workshops on the finish of every bankruptcy. primarily, you'll the way to take into consideration the implications you must achieve—rather than depend on instruments to imagine for you.
• Use portraits to explain facts with one, , or dozens of variables
• strengthen conceptual versions utilizing back-of-the-envelope calculations, in addition to scaling and chance arguments
• Mine information with computationally extensive tools similar to simulation and clustering
• Make your conclusions comprehensible via reviews, dashboards, and different metrics programs
• comprehend monetary calculations, together with the time-value of money
• Use dimensionality aid innovations or predictive analytics to overcome not easy info research situations
• familiarize yourself with varied open resource programming environments for information research
Read or Download Data Analysis with Open Source Tools PDF
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Additional info for Data Analysis with Open Source Tools
Sample text
We can then choose a value for the bandwidth that minimizes this error. For KDEs, the generally accepted measure is the “expected mean-square error” between the approximation and the true density. The problem is that we don’t know the true density function that we are trying to approximate, so it seems impossible to calculate (and minimize) the error in this way. But clever methods have been developed to make progress. These methods fall broadly into two categories. First, we could try to find explicit expressions for both bias and variance.
14 CHAPTER TWO 70 Number of Observations 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Response Time F I G U R E 2-2. A histogram of a server’s response times. Histograms To form a histogram, we divide the range of values into a set of “bins” and then count the number of points (sometimes called “events”) that fall into each bin. We then plot the count of events for each bin as a function of the position of the bin. Once again, let’s look at an example. Here is the beginning of a file containing response times (in milliseconds) for queries against a web server or database.
The trick is to sort the job titles by the number of individual customer records corresponding to each job title. The first few records are shown in Table 2 -1. The four columns give the job title, the number of customers for that job title, the fraction of all customers having that job title, and finally the cumulative fraction of customers. For the last column, we sum up the number of customers for the current and all previously seen job titles, then divide by the total number of customer records.