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By S Nadkarni

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The other stand is made in small precursor fragments. The size of the precursor fragment is from 1000 to 2000 base pairs in prokaryotic cells and from 100 to 200 base pairs in eukaryotic cells. Because synthesis of the discontinuous strand is initiated only at intervals, there is always at least one single-stranded region of the parental strand present on one side of the replication fork. 5 Short fragments in the replication fork. 36 GENE MANIPUIATION the 3' -OH terminus of the continuously replicated strand is always closer to the replication fork than the 5' -P terminus of the discontinuously replicated strand; this is the physical basis of the terms leading strand and lagging strand that are used for the continuously and discontinuously replicating strands, respectively.

The paired strands are said to be antiparallel. There are two grooves spiraling along outside of the double helix. These grooves are not symmetrical in size. The large one is called the major groove, the smaller one the minor groove. Proteins that interact with double-stranded DNA often have regions that make contact with the base pairs by fitting into the major groove, the minor groove, or both. The diagrams of the DNA duplexes are static and so somewhat misleading. DNA is in fact a very dynamic molecule; it is constantly in motion.

1. The purine bases are adenine (A) and guanine (G). 2. The pyrimidine bases are thymine (T) and cytosine (C). In DNA, each base is chemically linked to one molecule of the sugar deoxyribose, forming a compound called a nucleoside. When a phosphate group is also attached to the sugar, the nucleoside becomes a nucleotide. Thus a nucleotide is a nucleoside plus a phosphate. In the conventional numbering of the carbon atoms in the sugar, the carbon atom to which the base is attached in the l' carbon.

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