By Saleh Faruque
ISBN-10: 331915608X
ISBN-13: 9783319156088
ISBN-10: 3319156098
ISBN-13: 9783319156095
This booklet introduces Radio Frequency resource Coding to a extensive viewers. the writer blends idea and perform to convey readers updated in key techniques, underlying rules and useful purposes of instant communications. The presentation is designed to be simply available, minimizing arithmetic and maximizing visuals.
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Additional resources for Radio Frequency Source Coding Made Easy
Example text
This is shown in Fig. 15c. • The first stage has a non-inverting integrator and an inverting amplifier. The non-inverting integrator has a pair of 1k resistors, realizing gm1 (1 mMho). This stage is realized by means of a differential transconductance integrator shown in the figure. c. voltage gain of À1 (V1/Vin ¼ 10k/10k ¼ À 1). • The second stage is an inverting integrator. This stage is realized by means of an inverting integrator. Realizing the second transconductance gm2 (gm2 ¼ 1 mMho). 40 2 Baseband Filters: Active RC Filters The voltage transfer functions are: H1ðsÞ ¼ V1 =Vin ¼ sC2G1=ðs2 C1 C2 þ sC2 G1 þ 1=Rm1Rm2 Þ H1ðsÞ ¼ V2 =Vin ¼ gm1 gm2 =ðs2 C1 C2 þ sC2 G1 þ 1=Rm1Rm2 Þ Therefore, H1(s) is a bandpass function and H2(s) is a lowpass function.
The amount of charge which is transferred into the feedback capacitor C will be ΔQ ¼ CrVin. It is assumed that the operational amplifier is ideal. If this operation is repeated at a clock rate T, the average value of current flowing through the capacitor C will be given by I ¼ ΔQ=T ¼ Cr Vin =T ¼ f c Cr Vin ¼ gm Vin where ð3:7Þ 50 3 Switched Capacitor Building Blocks and Filters a b C R S1 Vin Vo c C Io=gm Vin S2 Vin Vin Vo C Vo Cr Fig. 2 (a) An RC integrator. (b) Switched-capacitor integrator (c) The equivalent transconductance model • R ¼ 1=ð f c Cr Þ • gm ¼ f c Cr ; f c ¼ 1=T • R ¼ 1=gm ð3:8Þ Here gm is the Transconductance.
1 Switched Capacitor Resistor In MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) integrated technology, it is relatively simple to produce transistors and capacitors but resistors present problems. This led a group of researchers [1, 2] to the idea of replacing resistors by periodically Switched-Capacitors [1, 2]. Assuming that the clock frequency used to operate the switches is much higher than the signal frequency a resistor R of value given by the following equation: R ¼ 1= f c Cr ð3:1Þ can be generated by means of the arrangement shown in Fig.