By Jock R. Anderson
ISBN-10: 0821314483
ISBN-13: 9780821314487
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Sample text
Hardin points out that these costs can be expanded to include other externalities, such as the loss of unique species and the effects of downstream sedimentation. Hence the exploitation of a common resource may prompt a conflict between social and private values. Theoretical solutions are based on eliminating this conflict. Hardin has suggested population control and privatizing the resource. The literature on welfare economics (Dasgupta and Pearce 1984; Irvin 1984) suggests regulatory measures, such as taxes and standards.
Anderson, Jesuthason Thampapillai. p. cm. (Policy & research series ; 8) Includes bibliographical references. Series. 76'16'091724dc20 90-30745 CIP Page iii Gerald T. O'Mara inspired this study and provided strong support. Many other colleagues, both in the Bank and outside, provided helpful comments and information, especially at seminars held in the Bank and in Hawaii in July 1988. Particular thanks are due to Samir El-Swaify and colleagues of the Departmerit of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii at Manoa; to John Dixon, Maynard Hufschmidt, and colleagues of the Environment and Policy Institute, East-West Center, Hawaii; and to Warren F.
An apparent consensus regarding developing countries is that the rate of discount is high and the length of the planning horizon is short (Hufschmidt and others 1983; Dasgupta and Pearce 1984; Irvin 1985; Markandya and Pearce 1988). If the effects of land degradation are perceived unlikely in the near future, the adoption of soil conservation practices would correspondingly remain unlikely. Such effects are not, of course, confined to developing countries (Chisholm 1987a). Production Incentives and Support Payments There is a growing consensus that certain government policies which directly affect farm income have also been instrumental in contributing to the problem of land degradation (Batie and Sappington 1986; Blyth and Kirby 1985; Ervin, Heffernan, and Green 1986).