By Jeroen C. J. M. Bergh, Aat Barendregt, Alison J. Gilbert
ISBN-10: 0511216394
ISBN-13: 9780511216398
ISBN-10: 0521822300
ISBN-13: 9780521822305
International wetlands are endangered through human actions and improvement in all elements of the realm. This booklet techniques the research of wetlands administration and improvement coverage by utilizing built-in environment modelling that pulls on insights from hydrology, ecology and economics. The authors commit specific realization to the spatial size, the advance of a suite of complementary signs, and the aggregation and review of data.
Read or Download Spatial Ecological-Economic Analysis for Wetland Management: Modelling and Scenario Evaluation of Land Use PDF
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Extra info for Spatial Ecological-Economic Analysis for Wetland Management: Modelling and Scenario Evaluation of Land Use
Sample text
From the pressures in the first, second and subsequent aquifers, the flow of groundwater can be calculated in terms of direction and flux (Anderson and Woesner, 1992; Hill, 1990). By comparing calculated with actual levels of surface water, it is possible to conclude how much groundwater is being discharged or recharged. In other words, the combination of hydrological modelling and empirical data allows indirect estimation of the missing information on discharge and recharge. In addition, hydrological modelling of groundwater flows can serve to predict alternative states of the groundwater system, namely, by formulating different scenarios, each of which is associated with particular boundary conditions.
Of course, there are also a number of specialised species that actually prefer nutrient-poor and buffered peat soils. These specialised species are rare because they are characteristic of specific conditions that seldom occur. The most common species to be met in ecosystems are usually those that require the less-specific conditions. Each species responds differently to the variables in the ecosystem; two extreme responses are ‘special species’, with a very narrow range of tolerance to variation, and ‘common species’, with a wide range of tolerance.
The result is known as peat. Under acid conditions and under the influence of rainwater, bogs are produced. Under more neutral conditions with buffered groundwater, fens form. These basic conditions vary among landscapes, grading from a river or sea to more elevated -- and, therefore, drier -- areas (see Fig. 3). Surface water flows towards rivers or seas. It carries much natural waste and debris and so is rich in nutrients and minerals. Sedimentation of clay particles suspended in the water creates fertile, humid soil where it is deposited.