By Brian Greene
ISBN-10: 0393071340
ISBN-13: 9780393071344
A brand new variation of the recent York instances bestseller—now a three-part Nova distinct: a desirable and thought-provoking trip during the mysteries of area, time, and matter.
Now with a brand new preface (not in the other version) that may evaluate the large public reception of the rather imprecise string theory—made attainable via this ebook and an elevated variety of adherents among physicists—The stylish Universe "sets a customary that may be tough to beat" (New York instances publication Review). Brian Greene, one of many world's best string theorists, peels away the layers of puzzle surrounding string thought to bare a universe that comprises 11 dimensions, the place the material of house tears and upkeep itself, and all matter—from the smallest quarks to the main gargantuan supernovas—is generated through the vibrations of microscopically tiny loops of energy.
Today physicists and mathematicians during the global are feverishly engaged on essentially the most bold theories ever proposed: superstring concept. String thought, because it is frequently referred to as, is the main to the Unified box idea that eluded Einstein for greater than thirty years. eventually, the century-old antagonism among the big and the small-General Relativity and Quantum Theory-is resolved. String conception declares that every one of the wondrous happenings within the universe, from the frantic dancing of subatomic quarks to the majestic swirling of heavenly galaxies, are reflections of 1 grand actual precept and manifestations of 1 unmarried entity: microscopically tiny vibrating loops of power, a billionth of a billionth the scale of an atom. during this brilliantly articulated and refreshingly transparent e-book, Greene relates the medical tale and the human fight in the back of twentieth-century physics' look for a thought of everything.
Through the masterful use of metaphor and analogy, The stylish Universe makes probably the most refined recommendations ever pondered viscerally obtainable and punctiliously enjoyable, bringing us nearer than ever to knowing how the universe works.
Read or Download The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory PDF
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Additional resources for The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory
Example text
40) Clearly, this reduces to the usual ‘dot product’ in Euclidean space. 41) and we can then define the angle between two vectors by writing gµν U µ V ν = |U||V | cos θ. 42) A non-Euclidean metric does not necessarily give a positive value for the quantity |V (x)|2 , so the lengths and angles defined in this way might turn out to be complex. When introducing one-forms, I pointed out that the symbol u·, which appears in the Euclidean dot product, can be regarded as a linear function that takes a vector as its argument, and is, in fact, a one-form.
23) and taking the limit δλ → 0, we obtain the geodesic equation d2 x µ + dλ2 µ νσ dx µ dx ν dx σ = f (λ) . 31) A curve x µ (λ) is a geodesic if and only if it satisfies an equation of this form, where f (λ) can be any function. Remember now that a given path through the manifold can be parametrized in many different ways, each one being regarded as a different curve. It is easy to see that if the curve given by one parametrization is a geodesic, then so is the curve that results from another parametrization of the same path.
According to Einstein, however, this assumption is also mistaken. It fails to take account of the true geometry of space and time in much the same way that, by treating a city plan as a Euclidean plane, we fail to take account of the true geometry of the Earth. The mistake only becomes apparent, however, when we make precise observations of gravitational phenomena. The difficulty here is that we often express the laws of physics in the form 24 Geometry which, we believe, applies to inertial frames.