By Michael M. Cernea
ISBN-10: 0821320572
ISBN-13: 9780821320570
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Extra resources for The urban environment and population relocation
Sample text
The performance of resettlement components under Bank-assisted urban projects is uneven, and it requires a separate in-depth analysis. Some significant implementation and performance aspects are discussed further in this paper, in connection with several major projects in Indonesia, China, Argentina and Paraguay and a special performance review, now being carried out as part of the 1993 overall analysis of the Bank's resettlement project portfolio, will be published soon. Page 28 The Impoverishing Effects of Displacement The loss of dwelling and assets caused by forced displacement, and the uprooting from an existing pattern of making a living, carry high impoverishment risks for those affected directly.
9 A case study on relocation in Manila (Juppenplatz 1970) provides a clear example of the shift from the first to the second trend. In the 1950s, slum clearance was carried out massively in Manila in a pure eviction manner, without providing assistance or services. Ten years later, however, in 1962, the government set up a study team that recommended that government agencies should not only "transfer" squatters, but also formulate and carry out programs to assist in their socioeconomic reestablishment.
Page 4 Much of the recent development literature tends to link the compulsory displacement of settled populations only with dam construction. This reduction is unwarranted. Reservoir submergence has been indeed the single biggest cause of development-induced displacement but it is not the only one. Significant dislocations occur in many urban growth programs. Paradoxical as this may be, urban involuntary displacement still remains a seldom discussed companion of urban growth and renewal in Third World countries.