By Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos
ISBN-10: 0780310055
ISBN-13: 9780780310056
ISBN-10: 0780347072
ISBN-13: 9780780347076
ISBN-10: 0780347455
ISBN-13: 9780780347458
ISBN-10: 0780353994
ISBN-13: 9780780353992
''Optical communications and fiber know-how are speedy changing into key ideas for the expanding bandwidth calls for of the twenty first century. This introductory textual content offers training engineers, managers, and scholars with an invaluable advisor to the newest advancements and destiny tendencies of 3 significant applied sciences: SONET, SDH, and ATM, and a quick advent to legacy TDM communications systems.
There are transparent motives of:
* How ATM is mapped onto SONET/SDH
* The position of IP networking with ATM
* Dense wavelength department multiplexing (DWDM)
* the longer term path of convergence of communications.
This concise e-book positive aspects easy-to-follow illustrations, overview questions, labored examples, and precious references. An accompanying CD-ROM presents the main figures in complete colour, appropriate for simple cut-and-paste shows. figuring out SONET/SDH AND ATM is a must-read for communique pros who are looking to increase their wisdom of this rising technology.''
Sponsored by:
IEEE Communications Society
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Extra resources for Understanding Sonet/Sdh and Atm: Communications Networks for the Next Millennium
Sample text
PART II OPTICAL COMPONENTS Legacy optical communications systems-systems that transmit data over a single wavelength-depend heavily on four components: the optical transmitter, the optical receiver, the optical fiber, and the optical amplifier. Although the bandwidth (bit rate) of the transmitted optical signal keeps increasing, it is predicted that bandwidth exhaust is inevitable. To respond to bandwidth exhaust and to also allow for service diversification (over the same fiber), more wavelengths are "squeezed" into the same fiber.
1), where n t> VI and n2' V2 are the index of refra ction and the speed of light in the two media , respectively. The index of refract ion, or refractive ind ex, for vacuum is 1; for other materials it is greater than I, typic ally between 1 and 2. 46. The following basic relationships are useful: Speed of light in vacuum: c = V Speed of light in medium: VOled = AOled! Index of refraction: n lln 2 = A2/AI Here! is the frequency of light and A the wavelength. j' or v is used for fre quency. Here, we use!
Under such conditions, the index of refraction, polarization, and propagation characteristics become different in certain directions within the material. Birefringence in fiber transmission is undesirable. Birefringence alters the polarization and the propagating characteristics of the transmitted signal and while the receiver expects one polarization, it receives another. To minimize birefringence in fibers, several techniques have been devised. One technique monitors and controls the received polarization by changing the polarization of the receiver or by using polarization-maintaining fibers.