By Naomi R. Lamoreaux, Daniel M. G. Raff, Peter Temin
ISBN-10: 0226468321
ISBN-13: 9780226468327
ISBN-10: 0226468348
ISBN-13: 9780226468341
ISBN-10: 0226468437
ISBN-13: 9780226468433
The first 3 essays during this quantity discover concepts enterprises have used to either deal with details to create worthy asymmetries and to in a different way suppress unwelcome pageant. the subsequent 3 specialise in the ways that organizations have outfitted specific functions through the years, features which were either resources of aggressive virtue and resistance to new possibilities. The final expand the inspiration of studying from the extent of companies to that of countries. the gathering as an entire builds at the prior volumes to make the relationship among details constitution and product industry results in enterprise history.
Read Online or Download Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms, and Countries (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report) PDF
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Additional info for Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms, and Countries (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report)
Example text
26 The asking price for outside inventions was often thousands of dollars, and the department recommended against purchasing almost all of them. Consequently, if one were to divide the company's patents into two categories-those purchased from outsiders and those that originated within the firm-the latter would be numerically preponderant. Nonetheless, it is clear that, during this early period, it was on the assessment of outside inventions that the department spent most of its energies and resources.
14 For the subset of inventions assigned at or before the date the patent was issued, we can get a more precise sense of the magnitude and direction of change over time. 2 is based on three random cross-sectional samples of patents drawn from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents for the years 1870-71, 1890-91, and 1910-11. These documents report for all patents issued during the year the names of the patentees as well as the names of any assignees who were granted property rights to the patents at the time of 12.
The evidence we obtained by tracing patentees through city directories thus leads to several generalizations about the evolution of patent assignments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. First, assignments were extensive and growing in overall volume and, at least until late in the nineteenth century, seem to have most often involved arm's-length transactions. Second, all groups of patentees increased the proportion of patents they assigned over time and exhibited an empirical association at the individual level between rates of assignment and productivity at patenting.