By Mohammad N. Islam
ISBN-10: 0387406565
ISBN-13: 9780387406565
This edited monograph is written via major specialists during this zone and is the 1st booklet fullyyt dedicated to Raman amplification. 3 sections contain huge history on Raman physics, descriptions of sub-systems and modules using Raman expertise, and a evaluation of present cutting-edge structures.
Read or Download Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 2: Sub-Systems and Systems (Springer Series in Optical Sciences) (Pt. 2) PDF
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Additional info for Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 2: Sub-Systems and Systems (Springer Series in Optical Sciences) (Pt. 2)
Sample text
16 examines the attenuation in the gain fiber. The figure of merit for the Raman amplifier fiber is gR /αP Aeff , so that low loss is as important as high gain coefficient. The loss as a function of wavelength is shown in Fig. 16. It is important to note that a low OH− attenuation at ∼1380 nm is critical for S-band efficiency, because this is the loss seen by some of the pump wavelengths. Moreover, Fig. 17 shows the splice loss spectral variation between the gain fiber and the transmission fiber for two different splices.
67 Gb/s with a pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) of length 231 − 1. In a separate experiment, the S-band is modulated with a 215 − 1 PRBS and the ripple induced in the C-band is monitored on a sampling oscilloscope. The inline amplifiers have the following characteristics. For the S-band lumped Raman amplifier, the output power is up to 19 dBm, the noise figure is <6 dB, the control circuit is set to adjust the gain tilt, and there is both dispersion and dispersion slope compensation. For the C-band amplifier, a commercial EDFA is used that maintains the gain at 23 dB.
22 plots the gain difference for different input powers using the −18 dBm input power as the reference curve. As the input power increases, some inhomogeneous gain saturation behavior is observed. In general, Raman amplifiers act homogeneous-like due to pump depletion of the common pump. However, the situation becomes more complicated with multiple-wavelength pumps, which themselves interact through the Raman effect. Hence, some inhomogeneity of the gain curve is observed. 10. 0 –20 –15 –10 Input Power (dBm) –5 0 Fig.