By Ian Whyte
ISBN-10: 0312165145
ISBN-13: 9780312165147
ISBN-10: 0333597613
ISBN-13: 9780333597613
ISBN-10: 1349253073
ISBN-13: 9781349253074
Over the past two decades there was an explosion of recent examine into the improvement of Scotland from a small, backward nation at the outer edge of Europe to at least one poised to suffer industrialisation in keeping with England. This booklet presents an outline of key topics relating to social switch and financial improvement in early glossy Scotland aimed toward demonstrating how this alteration happened.
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Extra info for Scotland’s Society and Economy in Transition, c.1500–c.1760
Example text
The early Reformed church was not especially puritan in character. It was only with the spread of Andrew Melville's ideas after 1574 that there was a more sustained attack on many aspects of popular culture, including the celebration of religious festivals and stricter Sabbatarianism. l760 strict control of parish society, that its discipline seems harshest as middle-class values were forced on the lower orders of society in a way which often seems smug and narrow minded. In the Calvinist view salvation could only manifest itself in a society that was consciously godly in its principles.
Conditions of tenure on lay estates are less clear because documentation is poorer but indications are that they were similar to those on church lands (Sanderson, 1982). In addition many tenants held their lands not by ordinary leasehold but by forms of customary tenure similar to English copyhold. Rentallers, whose title to a holding was a copy of the entry made in the landlord's rental book, normally held for life. Their land was usually passed on to an heir at the tenant's death or even during his lifetime.
With the development of more intensive farming systems labour was needed on a regular basis throughout the year rather than at a few peak periods, and the economics of granting two or three acres of land to cottar families was increasingly questioned. Removing cottars, absorbing their holdings into the farm, and relying instead on paid farm servants, made economic sense as long as it was possible to hire extra labour at 46 Landlord and Tenant harvest time. This was increasingly available from the new estate villages and older kirktouns as well as from small towns and manufacturing centres.