By Shayne C. Gad
ISBN-10: 1560327693
ISBN-13: 9781560327691
This quantity demonstrates that there now exists a extensive diversity of in vitro versions to be used in both deciding on or figuring out so much varieties of toxicity. the provision of in vitro types spans either the entire variety of endpoints (irritation, sensitisation, lethality, mutagenicity, and developmental toxicity) and the entire spectrum of aim organ platforms (skin, eye, middle, liver, kidney, frightened approach, etc.). Chapters are dedicated to every one of those speciality components from a standpoint of providing the important versions and their makes use of and barriers. Chapters that review the foundations desirous about the final choice and use of versions, and that handle the problems of safeguard issues and regulatory popularity of those equipment also are incorporated.
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Example text
They concluded that for their purposes, this assay had limited usefulness. 33) [57]. 67. MTT [58] has also been used extensively as an endpoint with a variety of cell targets, most notably, in a tissue equivalent model [59]. Based on the conversion of a yellow soluble tetrazolium dye into an insoluble, purple formazan product in mitochondria of viable cells, this test is scored as either the dose of compound necessary to reduce dye conversion (directly proportional to cell number) by 50% or as the time necessary for a given dose of test material to cause a 50% reduction in conversion.
36 OCULAR TOXICITY ASSESSMENT IN VITRO surfactants) but perform poorly with mixed groups of materials. Presumably, this reaction is caused by the endpoint measurement closely tracking a mechanism of action (irritation) specific to the chemical class, but one not as critical in the action of other chemicals (perhaps cell lysis resulting in necrosis for surfactants versus protein coagulation leading to opacity for other chemicals). In establishing how an assay can be applied, it is as important to objectively determine when an assay cannot be used, as to establish its utility.
This method stems from the observations that transparency of the cornea depends on the hydration and organization of proteins and that the presence of high molecular weight aggregates of protein caused opacity [44]. Basically, the test measures the reduction in light transmission resulting from precipitate caused by interaction of the test material with a proprietary protein matrix [45]. In certain applications, this method has proven useful [46,47], giving good correlations with in vivo results.