By Yogeshwar Sahai, Toshihiko Emi
ISBN-10: 9812706216
ISBN-13: 9789812706218
ISBN-10: 9812790764
ISBN-13: 9789812790767
Non-stop casting of metal has develop into a universal approach and a tremendous step in metal construction. the global percentage of regularly solid metal has elevated considerably within the final 25 years or so. besides the fact that, concurrent with this raise in construction degrees are stringent caliber necessities that experience turn into an important within the face of gradually expanding laptop throughputs and bigger product dimensions. hence, metal cleanliness and strict composition keep an eye on are actually the first trouble of steelmakers. The tundish is the final metallurgical vessel by which molten steel flows prior to solidifying within the non-stop casting mildew. throughout the move of steel during the tundish, molten metal interacts with refractories, slag, and the ambience. therefore, the right kind layout and operation of a tundish are very important for supplying metal of strict composition and caliber. This pioneering booklet is the 1st of its style to hide all facets of tundish know-how, starting from primary elements and concept invaluable for knowing the fundamental recommendations of tundish operations to operational points of the tundish. Written through across the world famous specialists in non-stop casting know-how commonly and tundish expertise particularly, this ebook is adequately primary to function a graduate-level textbook on method metallurgy or as a tremendous reference for metallurgical researchers; while, it truly is entire adequate to give a contribution to the knowledge of scientists and engineers engaged in learn and improvement within the metal undefined. Contents: Non-Metallic Inclusions; evaluate of Fluid stream and Turbulence; Fluid circulate Characterization; Modeling of soften stream; Tundish Operation; soften Temperature keep watch over; fresh, rising, and Novel applied sciences.
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Additional info for Tundish Technology For Clean Steel Production
Sample text
Practical methods of achieving a low [O]total will be discussed later. In industrial practice, analysis of total oxygen content of Aldeoxidized ‘clean steel’ gives the best value of 3 ppm for high carbon steel melts, but may be as high as 10-20 ppm for medium and low carbon steel melts. The latter figures indicate that a large fraction of oxygen comes from still-suspended Al2O3 inclusions. 04%Al) should include about 7 million Al2O3 particles. As long as the inclusions remain evenly distributed at such a small size, they do not impair most of the product properties in spite of rather high number density.
06, Tn (K) is the temperature of the injected gas at the nozzle, and M (ton) is the weight of the bath. Originally, Sundberg [28] derived Eq. 23) with φ = 1. For more detailed discussion on the expression for ε, the reader is referred to a review by Mazumdar and Guthrie [29]. In normal metallurgical operations, the inertial/turbulent viscous force regime is utilized since it gives a much shorter τ, but sometimes operation in the viscous force regime is required, and hence Eqs. 23) become important.
In Eq. 1), the dissolved oxygen, [O], in the melt comes from the steelmaking process where oxygen gas is injected into high carbon iron melt to reduce carbon to meet specifications. The deoxidation reaction in liquid steel is driven by supersaturation, and usually proceeds until chemical equilibrium of Eq. 3) Here, ΔG0 is the Gibbs energy change for Eq. 1), R is the gas constant, square brackets indicate concentration in steel melt, and γ is the activity coefficient of the subscript component. Revised values of [O] and [M] calculated by Sakao [5] with recommended values of ΔG0 for typical deoxidation reactions are shown in Fig.